The Eleusinian Mysteries
“Persephone was playing with the deep-bosomed daughters of Ocean, away from Demeter of the golden weapon and glorious fruit, and she was gathering flowers throughout the luxuriant meadow (…) The girl was charmed by it, and reached out both hands to pluck the pretty plaything – suddenly, the earth split open wide along the plain and from it the lord host of many, Kronos’s son of many names, darted out on his immortal horses. He grabbed her, resisting and screaming, and took her away in his golden chariot.” (Homeric Hymn (14) to Demeter)
So the myth of Demeter and her quest for her daughter Persephone begin. The rest of this myth tells over the search of Demeter for Persephone, which took nine days. The reunion of Demeter with Persephone took, according to the myth, place in Eleusis. To remember the search of Demeter, each year there were two festivals held here, the so-called Small and Great Mysteries. It is then therefore not uncommon to think that the festivals, to a certain extent, must be based on the original myth of Demeter and Persephone. Maybe it’s worth to wonder if the myth of Demeter and Persephone and the festive activities in Eleusis are comparable to each other.
A Closer look to the myth of Demeter and Persephone
As is clear from above, the myth of Demeter and Persephone begins with the abduction of Persephone by Hades, the king of the Underworld. At first, Demeter was unable to discover where Persephone was, so she left the Olympus, disguised herself as an old woman and searched the world for her daughter, nine days long. No one recognized her, but also no one paid attention to her. At least, she came to Eleusis, where she was found weeping by the daughters of Keleos, the king of Eleusis. Demeter was taken to the royal palace, and became responsible for the care of the king's youngest son, Demophoon. Through the rapid development of this child, the wife of the king, Metanira, began curious and watched Demeter when taking care of her son. After a while, Metanira became scared and demanded that the old woman should leave the royal palace. Then, Demeter revealed her true nature. She said: "I am the illustrous Demeter, who succors and comforts morals and immortals. But hasten now and build me a great temple, and beneath it an altar, under the citadel and its sheer wall, upon the stately hill above the Kallichoron Well. Afterwards I myself will teach you the manner in which you shall worship, and if you follow this with reverence, you shall be granted my favor".
The Eleusinian people followed the orders of Demeter, and a short time later the first temple of Demeter was built. When the temple was finished, Demeter shut herself inside the building, cause she don't wanted to go back to the Olympus. She was still anger with the gods and the humans. Since Demeter was, in the Greek mythology, the goddess of agriculture and crops, her fury was also reflected on the earth. Everywhere, famine and cold were seen. Even the gods were worried, for no longer any sacrifices to them were made. So, Zeus decided to send the golden-winged messenger Iris to Eleusis. Iris found the goddess in the temple, wanted to help her and tried to soften her rage. Demeter persuaded him to allow her daughter to come from the dark kingdom of Hades, since Demeter had learnt where Persephone was held captive. Then Hermes was sent down into the world of Hades to save Persephone. But Hades didn't easy abandon his beloved Persephone forever, hence, he gave her secretly the fruit of the pomegranate to eat. By eating this fruit, Persephone would never forget Hades and would remain always bound to him. From this day on, Persephone lived, each year, six months with Demeter on earth, and six months in the Underworld as Hades' wife. After Persephone had eaten the fruit of the pomegranate, she and Hermes returned to above. In her temple, Demeter and Persephone were reunited.
After the return of her daughter, Demeter didn't forget the Eleusinian's, who had given her shelter in her loneliness and anger. She showed them her secret rites, which always should remain secrets to us. But we do know that Demeter also taught them, through the Mysteries, moral and spiritual goods and agriculture for their prosperity. The Eleusinian people learnt for instance to sow corn, which removed the necessity of hunting animals for food. The myth of Demeter and Persephone symbolized for the ancient Greeks - the Spring, the Harvest, Birth and Death - and above all the Immortality of the Soul.
As is clear from above, the myth of Demeter and Persephone begins with the abduction of Persephone by Hades, the king of the Underworld. At first, Demeter was unable to discover where Persephone was, so she left the Olympus, disguised herself as an old woman and searched the world for her daughter, nine days long. No one recognized her, but also no one paid attention to her. At least, she came to Eleusis, where she was found weeping by the daughters of Keleos, the king of Eleusis. Demeter was taken to the royal palace, and became responsible for the care of the king's youngest son, Demophoon. Through the rapid development of this child, the wife of the king, Metanira, began curious and watched Demeter when taking care of her son. After a while, Metanira became scared and demanded that the old woman should leave the royal palace. Then, Demeter revealed her true nature. She said: "I am the illustrous Demeter, who succors and comforts morals and immortals. But hasten now and build me a great temple, and beneath it an altar, under the citadel and its sheer wall, upon the stately hill above the Kallichoron Well. Afterwards I myself will teach you the manner in which you shall worship, and if you follow this with reverence, you shall be granted my favor".
The Eleusinian people followed the orders of Demeter, and a short time later the first temple of Demeter was built. When the temple was finished, Demeter shut herself inside the building, cause she don't wanted to go back to the Olympus. She was still anger with the gods and the humans. Since Demeter was, in the Greek mythology, the goddess of agriculture and crops, her fury was also reflected on the earth. Everywhere, famine and cold were seen. Even the gods were worried, for no longer any sacrifices to them were made. So, Zeus decided to send the golden-winged messenger Iris to Eleusis. Iris found the goddess in the temple, wanted to help her and tried to soften her rage. Demeter persuaded him to allow her daughter to come from the dark kingdom of Hades, since Demeter had learnt where Persephone was held captive. Then Hermes was sent down into the world of Hades to save Persephone. But Hades didn't easy abandon his beloved Persephone forever, hence, he gave her secretly the fruit of the pomegranate to eat. By eating this fruit, Persephone would never forget Hades and would remain always bound to him. From this day on, Persephone lived, each year, six months with Demeter on earth, and six months in the Underworld as Hades' wife. After Persephone had eaten the fruit of the pomegranate, she and Hermes returned to above. In her temple, Demeter and Persephone were reunited.
After the return of her daughter, Demeter didn't forget the Eleusinian's, who had given her shelter in her loneliness and anger. She showed them her secret rites, which always should remain secrets to us. But we do know that Demeter also taught them, through the Mysteries, moral and spiritual goods and agriculture for their prosperity. The Eleusinian people learnt for instance to sow corn, which removed the necessity of hunting animals for food. The myth of Demeter and Persephone symbolized for the ancient Greeks - the Spring, the Harvest, Birth and Death - and above all the Immortality of the Soul.
The festive activitities in Eleusis: The Small and Great Mysteries
The Eleusinian Mysteries included three different grades: the Small Mysteries, the Great Mysteries and the Epoptism. This research only focused on the Small and Great Mysteries. Also, in comparison with the Great Mysteries, we don't know much about the content of the Small Mysteries. It's also worth to say that everyone was allowed to take part in the Small and Great Mysteries, at least when the initiate spoke and understand the Greek language and wasn't guilty of the shedding of blood, men and women alike. Men, too, entered into the figure of Demeter and became one with the goddess. Another festival that was held to honor Demeter were the so-called Thesmophoria. More information about this festival can be found here.
The Small Mysteries
The Small Mysteries were celebrated, each year, towards the end of the winter, in the month of anthesterion (February). These Mysteries were sometimes called the Mysteries of Agra, due to their celebration not in Eleusis, but in Athens, in the suburb of Agra in the temple of Demeter and Persephone. In the Small Mysteries children and even foreigners, or so as the Greek say barbarians, were allowed access to the Small Mysteries. Now and then it is said that the Small Mysteries were set up as an extension of the initiation of Hercules. Hercules was, according to this story, excluded from the Great Mysteries cause he was a foreigner. The classical writers further tells us that the Small Mysteries consisted, above all, of sacrifices and purifications. The most important purification ceremony was in the Illisos, and were related to the worship of Dionysos and Demeter. In the writings of Clement of Alexandria, the neophytes or the initiates received during the Small Mysteries instructions for and over the Great Mysteries. When the initiates brought the Small Mysteries to a successful conclusion, they were allowed to bore the title of mystai and prepared for the Great Mysteries. The Small Mysteries had to be finished in order to be admitted to the Great Mysteries. The instructions were given by the a priest, who belongs to the royal families of the Eumolpides and Kerykes. These families had the unique right supplying the religious leaders of both the Small and Great Mysteries.
The Great Mysteries
The Great Mysteries began on the thirteenth day of boedromion with a procession of young Athenian men to Eleusis. They were responsible to extract the hiera(the sacred objects) and the high priest, who was entrusted with the care of the sacred objects, from Eleusis to Athens. One day later, they returned to Athens together with the hiera and the high priest. The hiera were ultimately laid down in a sanctuary, under the Athenian Acropolis, the so-called Eleusinion. The two days after the arrival of the hiera were filled with the preparations for the celebrations, which were held later on in Eleusis itself. On the fifteenth day of boedromion, the Eleusinion was opened again. The sixteenth, the mystai received instructions of their guides, before they could be initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries. One day later, the mystai would purify themselves in the Aegean sea. On the nineteenth day, the actual procession from Athens to Eleusis begin, in order to reach Eleusis by night. The procession passed along the Sacred Way through the plain of Attica and the hill of Daphne. This was one of the most splendid days of the Great Mysteries.
But even more important than the days were the nights of the twentieth and twenty-first day of this month. These Nights of the Mysteries, the Mysteriotides nychtes, were filled with different sacrifices. Before the fall of the night, there was held a great sacrifice performed by the Archon Basileus(the civil head and representative of the Athenian state). This first sacrifice was followed by another sacrifice of a great bull, done by one of the young men of the goddess's guard of honor. Beside the bull, also bread, round loafs were also offered to Demeter. In the meanwhile, the initiates drunk a special drink, the Kykeion, made from flour and water flavored with mint. The drink was followed by the Telete, a ceremony in the enclosed Telesterion. What exactly was done here, is still unknown to us. The twenty-second day was the last day of the Great Mysteries. On this final day, the Mysteries were closed off with a remembrance of the dead. The meanwhile mystai honored the dead with libations from so-called plymochoai, special vessels which were filled with an, to us, unknown drink. On the previous night, the initiates also went down in the Telesterion, to re-enact the stay of Persephone in the Underworld. They were to say 'descend into hell'. The three following days were devoted to gymnastic games and theatrical performances in commemoration of the heroes of Titanesque and the Argonautic legend. After these activities, everyone went back to their houses. However, in contrast to the procession to Eleusis on the nineteenth day of boedromion, the return trips on the twenty-third day had no ritualized function. Participants were namely free to go their individual ways as they returned to their normal, daily lives. Hereby returned, after an interlude of nine days, the duration of the Great Eleusinian Mysteries, life in Greece to its normal ways. The hiera remained in the innermost sanctuary of Eleusis, the Anaktoron (a part of the Telesterion), until the next year. The Eleusinian officials stayed in Eleusis, while the Athenian officials went back to Athens.
The Eleusinian Mysteries included three different grades: the Small Mysteries, the Great Mysteries and the Epoptism. This research only focused on the Small and Great Mysteries. Also, in comparison with the Great Mysteries, we don't know much about the content of the Small Mysteries. It's also worth to say that everyone was allowed to take part in the Small and Great Mysteries, at least when the initiate spoke and understand the Greek language and wasn't guilty of the shedding of blood, men and women alike. Men, too, entered into the figure of Demeter and became one with the goddess. Another festival that was held to honor Demeter were the so-called Thesmophoria. More information about this festival can be found here.
The Small Mysteries
The Small Mysteries were celebrated, each year, towards the end of the winter, in the month of anthesterion (February). These Mysteries were sometimes called the Mysteries of Agra, due to their celebration not in Eleusis, but in Athens, in the suburb of Agra in the temple of Demeter and Persephone. In the Small Mysteries children and even foreigners, or so as the Greek say barbarians, were allowed access to the Small Mysteries. Now and then it is said that the Small Mysteries were set up as an extension of the initiation of Hercules. Hercules was, according to this story, excluded from the Great Mysteries cause he was a foreigner. The classical writers further tells us that the Small Mysteries consisted, above all, of sacrifices and purifications. The most important purification ceremony was in the Illisos, and were related to the worship of Dionysos and Demeter. In the writings of Clement of Alexandria, the neophytes or the initiates received during the Small Mysteries instructions for and over the Great Mysteries. When the initiates brought the Small Mysteries to a successful conclusion, they were allowed to bore the title of mystai and prepared for the Great Mysteries. The Small Mysteries had to be finished in order to be admitted to the Great Mysteries. The instructions were given by the a priest, who belongs to the royal families of the Eumolpides and Kerykes. These families had the unique right supplying the religious leaders of both the Small and Great Mysteries.
The Great Mysteries
The Great Mysteries began on the thirteenth day of boedromion with a procession of young Athenian men to Eleusis. They were responsible to extract the hiera(the sacred objects) and the high priest, who was entrusted with the care of the sacred objects, from Eleusis to Athens. One day later, they returned to Athens together with the hiera and the high priest. The hiera were ultimately laid down in a sanctuary, under the Athenian Acropolis, the so-called Eleusinion. The two days after the arrival of the hiera were filled with the preparations for the celebrations, which were held later on in Eleusis itself. On the fifteenth day of boedromion, the Eleusinion was opened again. The sixteenth, the mystai received instructions of their guides, before they could be initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries. One day later, the mystai would purify themselves in the Aegean sea. On the nineteenth day, the actual procession from Athens to Eleusis begin, in order to reach Eleusis by night. The procession passed along the Sacred Way through the plain of Attica and the hill of Daphne. This was one of the most splendid days of the Great Mysteries.
But even more important than the days were the nights of the twentieth and twenty-first day of this month. These Nights of the Mysteries, the Mysteriotides nychtes, were filled with different sacrifices. Before the fall of the night, there was held a great sacrifice performed by the Archon Basileus(the civil head and representative of the Athenian state). This first sacrifice was followed by another sacrifice of a great bull, done by one of the young men of the goddess's guard of honor. Beside the bull, also bread, round loafs were also offered to Demeter. In the meanwhile, the initiates drunk a special drink, the Kykeion, made from flour and water flavored with mint. The drink was followed by the Telete, a ceremony in the enclosed Telesterion. What exactly was done here, is still unknown to us. The twenty-second day was the last day of the Great Mysteries. On this final day, the Mysteries were closed off with a remembrance of the dead. The meanwhile mystai honored the dead with libations from so-called plymochoai, special vessels which were filled with an, to us, unknown drink. On the previous night, the initiates also went down in the Telesterion, to re-enact the stay of Persephone in the Underworld. They were to say 'descend into hell'. The three following days were devoted to gymnastic games and theatrical performances in commemoration of the heroes of Titanesque and the Argonautic legend. After these activities, everyone went back to their houses. However, in contrast to the procession to Eleusis on the nineteenth day of boedromion, the return trips on the twenty-third day had no ritualized function. Participants were namely free to go their individual ways as they returned to their normal, daily lives. Hereby returned, after an interlude of nine days, the duration of the Great Eleusinian Mysteries, life in Greece to its normal ways. The hiera remained in the innermost sanctuary of Eleusis, the Anaktoron (a part of the Telesterion), until the next year. The Eleusinian officials stayed in Eleusis, while the Athenian officials went back to Athens.
The ground plan of sacred Eleusis
As can be seen on the map below, Eleusis knew very many different sanctuaries, of which the Telesterion the most important sanctuary was. It was here that the most secret rites of the Eleusinian Mysteries were performed, but it was also the place where the hiera were kept after the conclusion of the festive activities in Eleusis.
Eleusis was first excavated by a group of French intellectuals, so about the year 1810. Greece was at this time occupied by Turkey. Later on, around 1860, the excavations continued, but was complicated by the owners of het houses on the excavation side. It was not until the period 1882 - 1910 that the remains of the sacred buildings came to light. This result is mainly due to the work of the Greek archeologists Demetrius Filios and Andreas Skies. Excavations were again done between 1919 and 1932 under the supervision of K. Kuruniotis. Most of the now known buildings are probably constructed between 560 and 440 B.C.E. at the time of Peisistratus, Kimon and Pericles.
The first sanctuary that the initiates encountered was the temple of Artemis, which probably was built in the fourth century B.C.E. and reconstructed under Roman rule. After this temple the initiates would have seen the Great Propylaea, the entrance hall. This was the place where the mystai would gather for a form of inspection before proceeding to the inner sanctuaries. On the left(not visible on the depicted map), there was the Well of Kallichoron. The myth of Demeter and Persephone states that it was here that Demeter sat weeping for her lost daughter and was found by the daughters of king Keleos. During the Great Mysteries, women honored Demeter at this well through dances and the singing of hymns. Then the initiates arrived by the Small Propylaea, which was the direct porch to the inner, even more sacred, sanctuaries of Eleusis. It was built by Appius Claudius Pulchrus in 40 B.C.E. and was adorned by two Cariatides(statue of a women). On the right on this temple, there can be read a Latin inscription decorated with symbols relating to the worship of Demeter. Other smaller buildings on the right and left side of the Small Propylaea were probably used by priests or were a kind of waiting rooms for the pilgrims when they rested or made small offerings. This sacred area also knows a sanctuary of Hades, the symbolic entrance to the underworld. The underground passage lies between two wells. The rituals which took place in this sanctuary were of the highest significance for the mystai to the Mysteries. But, as stated above, the most important sanctuary was the Telesterion or the great temple of Demeter. The remains of this temple date from the time of Ictinos, the architect of the Parthenon of the Athenian acropolis. His plan for this construction were carried out by Koroivos and finished by Matajenes and Xenocles. The shape was divided into two floors on different levels with three sides having two entrances each. The fourth side consisted of steps form end to end, carved from the rock faces. These steps have, probably, formed tiers of seats of the temple to accommodate the worshippers. Forty-two columns, made of porous stone with a base of black Eleusinian stone, supported the enormous roof. The so-called 'Chamber of Initiation' was the ultimate goal of the long procession from Athens to Eleusis.
The remains of this huge building and the entrance to the underworld can be seen above.
As can be seen on the map below, Eleusis knew very many different sanctuaries, of which the Telesterion the most important sanctuary was. It was here that the most secret rites of the Eleusinian Mysteries were performed, but it was also the place where the hiera were kept after the conclusion of the festive activities in Eleusis.
Eleusis was first excavated by a group of French intellectuals, so about the year 1810. Greece was at this time occupied by Turkey. Later on, around 1860, the excavations continued, but was complicated by the owners of het houses on the excavation side. It was not until the period 1882 - 1910 that the remains of the sacred buildings came to light. This result is mainly due to the work of the Greek archeologists Demetrius Filios and Andreas Skies. Excavations were again done between 1919 and 1932 under the supervision of K. Kuruniotis. Most of the now known buildings are probably constructed between 560 and 440 B.C.E. at the time of Peisistratus, Kimon and Pericles.
The first sanctuary that the initiates encountered was the temple of Artemis, which probably was built in the fourth century B.C.E. and reconstructed under Roman rule. After this temple the initiates would have seen the Great Propylaea, the entrance hall. This was the place where the mystai would gather for a form of inspection before proceeding to the inner sanctuaries. On the left(not visible on the depicted map), there was the Well of Kallichoron. The myth of Demeter and Persephone states that it was here that Demeter sat weeping for her lost daughter and was found by the daughters of king Keleos. During the Great Mysteries, women honored Demeter at this well through dances and the singing of hymns. Then the initiates arrived by the Small Propylaea, which was the direct porch to the inner, even more sacred, sanctuaries of Eleusis. It was built by Appius Claudius Pulchrus in 40 B.C.E. and was adorned by two Cariatides(statue of a women). On the right on this temple, there can be read a Latin inscription decorated with symbols relating to the worship of Demeter. Other smaller buildings on the right and left side of the Small Propylaea were probably used by priests or were a kind of waiting rooms for the pilgrims when they rested or made small offerings. This sacred area also knows a sanctuary of Hades, the symbolic entrance to the underworld. The underground passage lies between two wells. The rituals which took place in this sanctuary were of the highest significance for the mystai to the Mysteries. But, as stated above, the most important sanctuary was the Telesterion or the great temple of Demeter. The remains of this temple date from the time of Ictinos, the architect of the Parthenon of the Athenian acropolis. His plan for this construction were carried out by Koroivos and finished by Matajenes and Xenocles. The shape was divided into two floors on different levels with three sides having two entrances each. The fourth side consisted of steps form end to end, carved from the rock faces. These steps have, probably, formed tiers of seats of the temple to accommodate the worshippers. Forty-two columns, made of porous stone with a base of black Eleusinian stone, supported the enormous roof. The so-called 'Chamber of Initiation' was the ultimate goal of the long procession from Athens to Eleusis.
The remains of this huge building and the entrance to the underworld can be seen above.
Conclusion
Eleusis in the end became an important sacred Pan-Hellenic(for the whole Greek world) place, full of sanctuaries. It was, namely, here, at least according to the myth of Demeter and her search for her daughter Persephone, that everything came alright. To thank king Keleos of Eleusis and his son and daughters, Demeter demanded that there should be funded a temple on this spot. So it happened. Later on, the whole of Eleusis became a kind of sacred spot where two festivals were held. Beside the festivals, there was also a procession, which lead all the initiates from Athens and the shrine of Demeter here, the so-called Eleusinion, to Eleusis itself. The Great Mysteries, of which most knowledge is available, had some things in common with the different parts of the original myth of Demeter and Persephone. For example, it has become clear that the Great Mysteries lasted nine days, exactly the time that Demeter was searching for her daughter Persephone according to their myth. Also the initiates went, at a certain moment during the Great Mysteries, in some way to the underworld, when they descended into the basement of the sanctuary of Hades.
Eleusis in the end became an important sacred Pan-Hellenic(for the whole Greek world) place, full of sanctuaries. It was, namely, here, at least according to the myth of Demeter and her search for her daughter Persephone, that everything came alright. To thank king Keleos of Eleusis and his son and daughters, Demeter demanded that there should be funded a temple on this spot. So it happened. Later on, the whole of Eleusis became a kind of sacred spot where two festivals were held. Beside the festivals, there was also a procession, which lead all the initiates from Athens and the shrine of Demeter here, the so-called Eleusinion, to Eleusis itself. The Great Mysteries, of which most knowledge is available, had some things in common with the different parts of the original myth of Demeter and Persephone. For example, it has become clear that the Great Mysteries lasted nine days, exactly the time that Demeter was searching for her daughter Persephone according to their myth. Also the initiates went, at a certain moment during the Great Mysteries, in some way to the underworld, when they descended into the basement of the sanctuary of Hades.
References
1. G. D'Alviella, The Mysteries of Eleusis: the secret rites and rituals of the classical Greek mystery tradition (Wellingborough & Northamptonshire 1981)
2. N. Evans, Demeter: civic worship, women's rites, and the Eleusinian Mysteries in N. Evans, Civic Rites: Democracy and Religion in ancient Athens (Berkeley 2010)
3. K.G. Kanta, Eleusis: myth, mysteries, history and museum (Athens 1979)
4. G.T. Malteso, Eleusis and the mysteries (Athens 1961)
5. M.W. Meyer, The ancient mysteries: a sourcebook: sacred texts if the mystery religions of the ancient Mediterranean world (San Francisco 1987)
Written by A.A.W.
Sources of the banner:
Remains of the sanctuaries: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusis
Hades: http://www.google.nl/imgres?imgurl=&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fkunst-en-cultuur.infonu.nl%2Fmythologie%2F8952-griekse-mythologie-god-hades.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=4Qs_AIHFLk9wgM&tbnh=112&tbnw=112&zoom=1&docid=jenFpMLR73xk4M&hl=nl&ei=BYqoUpvqH8e90QXbt4DYDw&ved=0CAQQsCUoAQ
Demeter and Persephone: http://er-turfing.com/blog/2013/09/
1. G. D'Alviella, The Mysteries of Eleusis: the secret rites and rituals of the classical Greek mystery tradition (Wellingborough & Northamptonshire 1981)
2. N. Evans, Demeter: civic worship, women's rites, and the Eleusinian Mysteries in N. Evans, Civic Rites: Democracy and Religion in ancient Athens (Berkeley 2010)
3. K.G. Kanta, Eleusis: myth, mysteries, history and museum (Athens 1979)
4. G.T. Malteso, Eleusis and the mysteries (Athens 1961)
5. M.W. Meyer, The ancient mysteries: a sourcebook: sacred texts if the mystery religions of the ancient Mediterranean world (San Francisco 1987)
Written by A.A.W.
Sources of the banner:
Remains of the sanctuaries: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusis
Hades: http://www.google.nl/imgres?imgurl=&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fkunst-en-cultuur.infonu.nl%2Fmythologie%2F8952-griekse-mythologie-god-hades.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=4Qs_AIHFLk9wgM&tbnh=112&tbnw=112&zoom=1&docid=jenFpMLR73xk4M&hl=nl&ei=BYqoUpvqH8e90QXbt4DYDw&ved=0CAQQsCUoAQ
Demeter and Persephone: http://er-turfing.com/blog/2013/09/